@conference {jamrozik2013relational, title = {Relational words have high metaphoric potential}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in NLP}, year = {2013}, pages = {21-26}, abstract = {What influences the likelihood that a word will be used metaphorically? We tested whether the likelihood of metaphorical use is related to the relationality of a word{\textquoteright}s meaning. Relational words name relations between entities. We predicted that relational words, such as verbs (e.g., speak) and relational nouns (e.g., marriage) would be more likely to be used metaphorically than words that name entities (e.g., item). In two experiments, we collected expert ratings of metaphoricity for uses of verbs, relational nouns, and entity nouns collected from a corpus search. As predicted, uses of relational words were rated as more metaphorical than uses of entity words. We discuss how these findings could inform NLP models of metaphor.}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W13/W13-09.pdf$\#$page=31}, author = {Jamrozik, Anja and Eyal Sagi and Goldwater, Micah and Dedre Gentner}, editor = {E. Shutova and Beata Beigman-Klebanov and J. Testreault and Z. Kozareva} } @article {48, title = {Representational Form and Metaphorical Word Use}, year = {2012}, type = {Poster}, address = {Sapporo, Japan}, abstract = {How does semantic representation influence the likelihood that a word will be used metaphorically? We explore whether words whose meanings are defined by relations among entities (e.g., marriage, forget), are more likely to be used metaphorically than words whose meanings are defined by features of entities (e.g., bird). Verbs are generally more relational than nouns (Gentner, 1981). Relationality can also distinguish different kinds of nouns: specifically, relational nouns (e.g., marriage) vs. entity nouns (e.g., bird) (Gentner \& Kurtz, 2005; Goldwater, Markman, \& Stilwell, 2011; Markman \& Stilwell, 2001). Prior studies have shown that the meanings of relational words are more mutable across contexts than those of entity words (Gentner \& France, 1988; Asmuth \& Gentner, under review). Extending this work, we find that uses of relational words (both verbs and relational nouns) tend to be more metaphorical than uses of entity nouns in natural language corpora.}, author = {Jamrozik, Anja and Goldwater, Micah and Eyal Sagi and Dedre Gentner} }